Gayle in March 1954, the council's members outlined the changes they sought for Montgomery’s bus system: no one standing over empty seats a decree that black individuals not be made to pay at the front of the bus and enter from the rear and a policy that would require buses to stop at every corner in black residential areas, as they did in white communities. The Women’s Political Council (WPC), a group of black professionals founded in 1946, had already turned their attention to Jim Crow practices on the Montgomery city buses. The roots of the bus boycott began years before the arrest of Rosa Parks. In Stride Toward Freedom, King’s 1958 memoir of the boycott, he declared the real meaning of the Montgomery bus boycott to be the power of a growing self-respect to animate the struggle for civil rights. The bus boycott demonstrated the potential for nonviolent mass protest to successfully challenge racial segregation and served as an example for other southern campaigns that followed. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) coordinated the boycott, and its president, Martin Luther King, Jr., became a prominent civil rights leader as international attention focused on Montgomery. Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses is unconstitutional. Sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks on 1 December 1955, the Montgomery bus boycott was a 13-month mass protest that ended with the U.S.
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